
Contents
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2.1 Seeing the Spectator 2.1 Seeing the Spectator
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2.2 Aristotle’s Theory of Being-Ruled and Its Marginalization within His Theory of Politics 2.2 Aristotle’s Theory of Being-Ruled and Its Marginalization within His Theory of Politics
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2.3 The Relevance of the Citizen-Being-Ruled Today: Sociological Factors 2.3 The Relevance of the Citizen-Being-Ruled Today: Sociological Factors
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2.4 The Relevance of the Citizen-Being-Ruled Today: Moral Factors 2.4 The Relevance of the Citizen-Being-Ruled Today: Moral Factors
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2.5 The Recognition, Yet Subordination, of Being-Ruled within the Empirical Research of Civic Behavior 2.5 The Recognition, Yet Subordination, of Being-Ruled within the Empirical Research of Civic Behavior
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2.6 Four Basic Reasons for Inattention to the Citizen-Being-Ruled 2.6 Four Basic Reasons for Inattention to the Citizen-Being-Ruled
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2.7 The Denial of Being-Ruled via the Denial of Ruling and Sovereignty: Pluralism 2.7 The Denial of Being-Ruled via the Denial of Ruling and Sovereignty: Pluralism
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2.8 The False Universalization of the Citizen-Governor: Deliberative Democracy 2.8 The False Universalization of the Citizen-Governor: Deliberative Democracy
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2.9 What Would It Mean to Dignify the Citizen-Being-Ruled? 2.9 What Would It Mean to Dignify the Citizen-Being-Ruled?
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Cite
Abstract
This chapter defends the claim that being-ruled — that is, the spectatorial engagement with politics characterized by involvement without participation — is a form of citizenship that is extremely prevalent within 21st-century conditions, yet nonetheless something that has been neglected by the major discourses constituting the contemporary study of democracy. Sections 2.2 through 2.4 discuss Aristotle's theory of being-ruled and argue that whereas Aristotle might have had good reason for giving the citizen-being-ruled only slight attention within his democratic theory, modern institutions and moral commitments ought to elevate the figure of the citizen-being-ruled to a position of primacy. Yet the relevance of being-ruled has not been appreciated by modern democratic theorists. Sections 2.5 through 2.8 review the most influential perspectives within contemporary democratic theory — including civic behavior research, pluralism, and deliberative democracy — and demonstrate the systematic neglect of the citizen-spectator. Finally, Section 2.9 addresses what it would mean to develop a democratic theory oriented around the experience of being-ruled and how the plebiscitary model defended in the subsequent chapters affords respect to the citizen-spectator.
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