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John E. Bowes, Herbert Strentz, Candidate Images: Stereotyping and the 1976 Debates, Communication Yearbook, Volume 2, Issue 1, December 1978, Pages 391–406, https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.1978.11923738
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Abstract
The process of formation and change in images of political candidates is described in terms of stereotyping of candidate attributes and issues. Four stereotyping components are described and examined: homogenization, polarization, fixedness, and reification. A fifth variable, issue congruity, is also examined. The rotating panel of approximately 200 students was questioned on four occasions (August through October, 1976) in order to bracket each of the three televised debates. Polarization and reification explain the most variance in candidate images. Their strongest stereotyping effects are upon candidate attributes rather than issues. The debates themselves showed little impact on attributes, though the effects of direct exposure were difficult to separate from commentary and conversation about the debates as “events.” Sources most influential in altering attributes were largely personal or organizational. The influence of direct contact with politicians was quite pronounced.