Figure 2. A world map of the first authors’ institutions and publication numbers. Note . In total 58 countries were identified with scientific publications of visual framing. Level 1: no article, level 2: 0–5 articles, level 3: 5–20 articles, level 4: 20–40 articles, level 5: 40–220 articles.

Figure 3. The four levels of visual framing in empirical studies.

Figure 4. Unit of analysis in visual or multimodal framing studies (1979–2023).

Figure 5. The four theoretical considerations of multimodal framing.

Figure 1. The total publication output and three publication types (1979–2023).

Figure 2. The complex interaction between actors, drivers, and means of diffusion through a causal loop diagram.

Figure 1. The directionality of computational propaganda campaigns.

Figure 1. PRISMA study-selection flowchart.

Figure 2. Study sample publications per year.

Figure 1. The index of informational conflict.

Figure 3. Version of the Motivation-Reasoning-Response Model (M-R-RM) with reference points for future assessment of the motivated reasoning framework.

Figure 2. Consistency in biological and self-report data. Notes: ‘Consistent story’ is defined as agreement between physiological and self-report data. ‘Partially consistent’ means the publication reported consistency in some but not all concepts measured using physiological and self-report data. ‘Inconsiste

Figure 3. Distribution of media used as stimuli in corpus.

Figure 1. Flow chart of search strategy.

Figure 2. Number of included publications over time. Note. The database search was conducted in October of 2022, which explains the low number of publications in 2023. The 2023 publication was found using forward searching.

Figure 1. Article counts by journal and year of publication.

Figure 1. Document acquisition and selection process.

Figure 2. Summarized themes and sub-themes.

Figure 3. Conceptual Illustration of the Interrelationships of Processes for Immersion Definition. Definition of Immersion: The continuous updates of motivational value that are associated with the action possibilities based on previous feedback and a continuous selection of actions that are located either i

Figure 1. A Roadmap for Understanding Relational Turbulence in Families.