Cranberry Toad Bug Control on Cranberries, 2014

Cranberry Toad Bug: Phylloscelis atra Germar

This experiment tested the efficacy of Actara 25WG, Assail 30SG, Closer SC, Diazinon AG500, Imidan 70WP, Lorsban 4E, Sevin XLR, Voliam Flexi, and two bifenture products Brigade 2EC and Fanfare 2EC for controlling the cranberry toad bug in cranberries. The insecticide treatments and rates were Actara 25WG at 4 oz/ac, Assail 30SG at 6.9 oz/ac, Closer SC at 4.25 floz/ac, Diazinon AG500 at 3 qt/ac, Imidan 70WP at 4 lb/ac, Lorsban 4E at 3 pts/ac, Sevin XLR at 3 L/ac, Voliam Flexi at 4.25 oz/ac, and Brigade 2EC and Fanfare 2EC at 6.4 floz/ac. The experiment was conducted in an ‘Early Black’ cranberry field located at the Rutgers PE Marucci Center for Blueberry and Cranberry Research and Extension in Chatsworth, New Jersey. Plots were 122 × 122 cm each, replicated four times in a CRB design. Control plots received no insecticide. Applications were made with R&D CO₂ backpack sprayer, using a 1-liter plastic bottle. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 50 gal per acre at 30 psi, using a single Teejet versus 110,015 nozzle, yielding 69.5 ml per plot.

Treatments were applied in 29 August. Treated uprights were randomly selected from the central portion of each plot and clipped for use in a laboratory assay 12 h after treatment on 30 August. A buffer zone of 30 cm from plot edges was not sampled. Four insecticide-treated uprights were inserted in florists’ water picks, enclosed in a ventilated 40-dram plastic vial, and secured on Styrofoam trays. Seven vials were setup for each treatment with three adult toad bugs placed inside each vial; each vial was considered a replicate. All toad bugs used in the trial were collected with a sweepnet on 30 August from an untreated cranberry bog at the Rutgers PE Marucci Center and used the same day of collection. Plants and insects were placed on a light bench in the laboratory at approx. 25°C, on a 15:9 L:D cycle. Mortality was assessed at 24, 48, and 72 h after exposure to treated foliage. The number of toad bugs (alive, moribund, or dead) was recorded, and the percentage of live number of toad bugs was calculated. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, and means separation was done by Fisher’s LSD test at P = 0.05. Percent data were arcsine square-root transformed prior to analysis.

After 24 h, all insecticide treatments significantly reduced the survival of adult toad bugs compared with controls (Table 1); mortality was >90% for all insecticides except for Imidan and Closer. After 48 and 72 h, all insecticide treatments had >90% mortality. Percent adult mortality in the control treatment was <20% after 72 h. No phytoxicity symptoms were observed following any of the insecticide treatments.¹

Table 1.

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Treatment	Rate/ac	24 h			% Control
		% Live	% Moribund	% Dead
Actara 25WG	4 oz	9.52 ± 6.15B C	33.33 ± 16.27A	57.14 ± 17.39C	(90.1)
Assail 30SG	6.9 oz	9.52 ± 6.15B C	19.05 ± 9.91A B	71.43 ± 8.69B C	(90.1)
Closer SC 4.25	4.25 floz	14.29 ± 6.73B C	0.00 ± 0.00B C	85.71 ± 6.73A B	(85.1)
Diazinon AG500	3 qt	0.00 ± 0.00C	0.00 ± 0.00B C	100.00 ± 0.00A	(100.0)
Imidan 70 WP	4 lb	23.81 ± 14.02B	4.76 ± 4.76B C	71.43 ± 13.47B C	(75.2)
Lorsban 4E	3 pts	0.00 ± 0.00C	4.76 ± 4.76B C	95.24 ± 4.76A	(100.0)
Sevin XLR	3 liter	0.00 ± 0.00C	4.76 ± 4.76B C	95.24 ± 4.76A	(100.0)
Voliam Flexi	4.25 oz	0.00 ± 0.00C	9.52 ± 6.15B C	90.48 ± 6.15A B	(100.0)
Brigade 2EC	6.4 floz	0.00 ± 0.00C	14.29 ± 6.73A B C	85.71 ± 6.73A B	(100.0)
Fanfare 2EC	6.4 floz	0.00 ± 0.00C	4.76 ± 4.76B C	95.24 ± 4.76A	(100.0)
Control	–	95.83 ± 4.17A	0.00 ± 0.00C	4.17 ± 4.17D	–
Treatment	Rate/ac	48 hr			% Control
		% Live	% Moribund	% Dead
Actara 25WG	4 oz	0.00 ± 0.00B	9.52 ± 6.15A	90.48 ± 6.15A	(100.0)
Assail 30SG	6.9 oz	0.00 ± 0.00B	9.52 ± 6.15A	90.48 ± 6.15A	(100.0)
Closer SC 4.25	4.25 floz	4.76 ± 4.76B	0.00 ± 0.00B	95.24 ± 4.76A	(93.3)
Diazinon AG500	3 qt	0.00 ± 0.00B	0.00 ± 0.00B	100.00 ± 0.00A	(100.0)
Imidan 70 WP	4 lb	0.00 ± 0.00B	0.00 ± 0.00B	100.00 ± 0.00A	(100.0)
Lorsban 4E	3 pts	0.00 ± 0.00B	0.00 ± 0.00B	100.00 ± 0.00A	(100.0)
Sevin XLR	3 liter	0.00 ± 0.00B	0.00 ± 0.00B	100.00 ± 0.00A	(100.0)
Voliam Flexi	4.25 oz	0.00 ± 0.00B	0.00 ± 0.00B	100.00 ± 0.00A	(100.0)
Brigade 2EC	6.4 floz	0.00 ± 0.00B	0.00 ± 0.00B	100.00 ± 0.00A	(100.0)
Fanfare 2EC	6.4 floz	0.00 ± 0.00B	0.00 ± 0.00B	100.00 ± 0.00A	(100.0)
Control	–	70.83 ± 9.83A	12.50 ± 6.10A	16.67 ± 6.30B	–
Treatment	Rate/ac	72 h			% Control
		% Live	% Moribund	% Dead
Actara 25WG	4 oz	0.00 ± 0.00B	9.52 ± 6.15B	90.48 ± 6.15A	(100.0)
Assail 30SG	6.9 oz	0.00 ± 0.00B	9.52 ± 6.15B	90.48 ± 6.15A	(100.0)
Closer SC 4.25	4.25 floz	0.00 ± 0.00B	0.00 ± 0.00B	100.00 ± 0.00A	(100.0)
Diazinon AG500	3 qt	0.00 ± 0.00B	0.00 ± 0.00B	100.00 ± 0.00A	(100.0)
Imidan 70 WP	4 lb	0.00 ± 0.00B	0.00 ± 0.00B	100.00 ± 0.00A	(100.0)
Lorsban 4E	3 pts	0.00 ± 0.00B	0.00 ± 0.00B	100.00 ± 0.00A	(100.0)
Sevin XLR	3 liter	0.00 ± 0.00B	0.00 ± 0.00B	100.00 ± 0.00A	(100.0)
Voliam Flexi	4.25 oz	0.00 ± 0.00B	0.00 ± 0.00B	100.00 ± 0.00A	(100.0)
Brigade 2EC	6.4 floz	0.00 ± 0.00B	0.00 ± 0.00B	100.00 ± 0.00A	(100.0)
Fanfare 2EC	6.4 floz	0.00 ± 0.00B	0.00 ± 0.00B	100.00 ± 0.00A	(100.0)
Control	–	70.83 ± 9.83A	12.50 ± 6.10A	16.67 ± 6.30B	–

Treatment	Rate/ac	24 h			% Control
		% Live	% Moribund	% Dead
Actara 25WG	4 oz	9.52 ± 6.15B C	33.33 ± 16.27A	57.14 ± 17.39C	(90.1)
Assail 30SG	6.9 oz	9.52 ± 6.15B C	19.05 ± 9.91A B	71.43 ± 8.69B C	(90.1)
Closer SC 4.25	4.25 floz	14.29 ± 6.73B C	0.00 ± 0.00B C	85.71 ± 6.73A B	(85.1)
Diazinon AG500	3 qt	0.00 ± 0.00C	0.00 ± 0.00B C	100.00 ± 0.00A	(100.0)
Imidan 70 WP	4 lb	23.81 ± 14.02B	4.76 ± 4.76B C	71.43 ± 13.47B C	(75.2)
Lorsban 4E	3 pts	0.00 ± 0.00C	4.76 ± 4.76B C	95.24 ± 4.76A	(100.0)
Sevin XLR	3 liter	0.00 ± 0.00C	4.76 ± 4.76B C	95.24 ± 4.76A	(100.0)
Voliam Flexi	4.25 oz	0.00 ± 0.00C	9.52 ± 6.15B C	90.48 ± 6.15A B	(100.0)
Brigade 2EC	6.4 floz	0.00 ± 0.00C	14.29 ± 6.73A B C	85.71 ± 6.73A B	(100.0)
Fanfare 2EC	6.4 floz	0.00 ± 0.00C	4.76 ± 4.76B C	95.24 ± 4.76A	(100.0)
Control	–	95.83 ± 4.17A	0.00 ± 0.00C	4.17 ± 4.17D	–
Treatment	Rate/ac	48 hr			% Control
		% Live	% Moribund	% Dead
Actara 25WG	4 oz	0.00 ± 0.00B	9.52 ± 6.15A	90.48 ± 6.15A	(100.0)
Assail 30SG	6.9 oz	0.00 ± 0.00B	9.52 ± 6.15A	90.48 ± 6.15A	(100.0)
Closer SC 4.25	4.25 floz	4.76 ± 4.76B	0.00 ± 0.00B	95.24 ± 4.76A	(93.3)
Diazinon AG500	3 qt	0.00 ± 0.00B	0.00 ± 0.00B	100.00 ± 0.00A	(100.0)
Imidan 70 WP	4 lb	0.00 ± 0.00B	0.00 ± 0.00B	100.00 ± 0.00A	(100.0)
Lorsban 4E	3 pts	0.00 ± 0.00B	0.00 ± 0.00B	100.00 ± 0.00A	(100.0)
Sevin XLR	3 liter	0.00 ± 0.00B	0.00 ± 0.00B	100.00 ± 0.00A	(100.0)
Voliam Flexi	4.25 oz	0.00 ± 0.00B	0.00 ± 0.00B	100.00 ± 0.00A	(100.0)
Brigade 2EC	6.4 floz	0.00 ± 0.00B	0.00 ± 0.00B	100.00 ± 0.00A	(100.0)
Fanfare 2EC	6.4 floz	0.00 ± 0.00B	0.00 ± 0.00B	100.00 ± 0.00A	(100.0)
Control	–	70.83 ± 9.83A	12.50 ± 6.10A	16.67 ± 6.30B	–
Treatment	Rate/ac	72 h			% Control
		% Live	% Moribund	% Dead
Actara 25WG	4 oz	0.00 ± 0.00B	9.52 ± 6.15B	90.48 ± 6.15A	(100.0)
Assail 30SG	6.9 oz	0.00 ± 0.00B	9.52 ± 6.15B	90.48 ± 6.15A	(100.0)
Closer SC 4.25	4.25 floz	0.00 ± 0.00B	0.00 ± 0.00B	100.00 ± 0.00A	(100.0)
Diazinon AG500	3 qt	0.00 ± 0.00B	0.00 ± 0.00B	100.00 ± 0.00A	(100.0)
Imidan 70 WP	4 lb	0.00 ± 0.00B	0.00 ± 0.00B	100.00 ± 0.00A	(100.0)
Lorsban 4E	3 pts	0.00 ± 0.00B	0.00 ± 0.00B	100.00 ± 0.00A	(100.0)
Sevin XLR	3 liter	0.00 ± 0.00B	0.00 ± 0.00B	100.00 ± 0.00A	(100.0)
Voliam Flexi	4.25 oz	0.00 ± 0.00B	0.00 ± 0.00B	100.00 ± 0.00A	(100.0)
Brigade 2EC	6.4 floz	0.00 ± 0.00B	0.00 ± 0.00B	100.00 ± 0.00A	(100.0)
Fanfare 2EC	6.4 floz	0.00 ± 0.00B	0.00 ± 0.00B	100.00 ± 0.00A	(100.0)
Control	–	70.83 ± 9.83A	12.50 ± 6.10A	16.67 ± 6.30B	–

Means within a column followed by different letters are significantly different (Fisher test, P ≤ 0.05). Percent data were arcsine square-root transformed prior to analysis. Numbers in parenthesis are % control = [1 − (% live larvae in insecticide treatment / % live larvae in control)] × 100.

Table 1.

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Treatment	Rate/ac	24 h			% Control
		% Live	% Moribund	% Dead
Actara 25WG	4 oz	9.52 ± 6.15B C	33.33 ± 16.27A	57.14 ± 17.39C	(90.1)
Assail 30SG	6.9 oz	9.52 ± 6.15B C	19.05 ± 9.91A B	71.43 ± 8.69B C	(90.1)
Closer SC 4.25	4.25 floz	14.29 ± 6.73B C	0.00 ± 0.00B C	85.71 ± 6.73A B	(85.1)
Diazinon AG500	3 qt	0.00 ± 0.00C	0.00 ± 0.00B C	100.00 ± 0.00A	(100.0)
Imidan 70 WP	4 lb	23.81 ± 14.02B	4.76 ± 4.76B C	71.43 ± 13.47B C	(75.2)
Lorsban 4E	3 pts	0.00 ± 0.00C	4.76 ± 4.76B C	95.24 ± 4.76A	(100.0)
Sevin XLR	3 liter	0.00 ± 0.00C	4.76 ± 4.76B C	95.24 ± 4.76A	(100.0)
Voliam Flexi	4.25 oz	0.00 ± 0.00C	9.52 ± 6.15B C	90.48 ± 6.15A B	(100.0)
Brigade 2EC	6.4 floz	0.00 ± 0.00C	14.29 ± 6.73A B C	85.71 ± 6.73A B	(100.0)
Fanfare 2EC	6.4 floz	0.00 ± 0.00C	4.76 ± 4.76B C	95.24 ± 4.76A	(100.0)
Control	–	95.83 ± 4.17A	0.00 ± 0.00C	4.17 ± 4.17D	–
Treatment	Rate/ac	48 hr			% Control
		% Live	% Moribund	% Dead
Actara 25WG	4 oz	0.00 ± 0.00B	9.52 ± 6.15A	90.48 ± 6.15A	(100.0)
Assail 30SG	6.9 oz	0.00 ± 0.00B	9.52 ± 6.15A	90.48 ± 6.15A	(100.0)
Closer SC 4.25	4.25 floz	4.76 ± 4.76B	0.00 ± 0.00B	95.24 ± 4.76A	(93.3)
Diazinon AG500	3 qt	0.00 ± 0.00B	0.00 ± 0.00B	100.00 ± 0.00A	(100.0)
Imidan 70 WP	4 lb	0.00 ± 0.00B	0.00 ± 0.00B	100.00 ± 0.00A	(100.0)
Lorsban 4E	3 pts	0.00 ± 0.00B	0.00 ± 0.00B	100.00 ± 0.00A	(100.0)
Sevin XLR	3 liter	0.00 ± 0.00B	0.00 ± 0.00B	100.00 ± 0.00A	(100.0)
Voliam Flexi	4.25 oz	0.00 ± 0.00B	0.00 ± 0.00B	100.00 ± 0.00A	(100.0)
Brigade 2EC	6.4 floz	0.00 ± 0.00B	0.00 ± 0.00B	100.00 ± 0.00A	(100.0)
Fanfare 2EC	6.4 floz	0.00 ± 0.00B	0.00 ± 0.00B	100.00 ± 0.00A	(100.0)
Control	–	70.83 ± 9.83A	12.50 ± 6.10A	16.67 ± 6.30B	–
Treatment	Rate/ac	72 h			% Control
		% Live	% Moribund	% Dead
Actara 25WG	4 oz	0.00 ± 0.00B	9.52 ± 6.15B	90.48 ± 6.15A	(100.0)
Assail 30SG	6.9 oz	0.00 ± 0.00B	9.52 ± 6.15B	90.48 ± 6.15A	(100.0)
Closer SC 4.25	4.25 floz	0.00 ± 0.00B	0.00 ± 0.00B	100.00 ± 0.00A	(100.0)
Diazinon AG500	3 qt	0.00 ± 0.00B	0.00 ± 0.00B	100.00 ± 0.00A	(100.0)
Imidan 70 WP	4 lb	0.00 ± 0.00B	0.00 ± 0.00B	100.00 ± 0.00A	(100.0)
Lorsban 4E	3 pts	0.00 ± 0.00B	0.00 ± 0.00B	100.00 ± 0.00A	(100.0)
Sevin XLR	3 liter	0.00 ± 0.00B	0.00 ± 0.00B	100.00 ± 0.00A	(100.0)
Voliam Flexi	4.25 oz	0.00 ± 0.00B	0.00 ± 0.00B	100.00 ± 0.00A	(100.0)
Brigade 2EC	6.4 floz	0.00 ± 0.00B	0.00 ± 0.00B	100.00 ± 0.00A	(100.0)
Fanfare 2EC	6.4 floz	0.00 ± 0.00B	0.00 ± 0.00B	100.00 ± 0.00A	(100.0)
Control	–	70.83 ± 9.83A	12.50 ± 6.10A	16.67 ± 6.30B	–

Treatment	Rate/ac	24 h			% Control
		% Live	% Moribund	% Dead
Actara 25WG	4 oz	9.52 ± 6.15B C	33.33 ± 16.27A	57.14 ± 17.39C	(90.1)
Assail 30SG	6.9 oz	9.52 ± 6.15B C	19.05 ± 9.91A B	71.43 ± 8.69B C	(90.1)
Closer SC 4.25	4.25 floz	14.29 ± 6.73B C	0.00 ± 0.00B C	85.71 ± 6.73A B	(85.1)
Diazinon AG500	3 qt	0.00 ± 0.00C	0.00 ± 0.00B C	100.00 ± 0.00A	(100.0)
Imidan 70 WP	4 lb	23.81 ± 14.02B	4.76 ± 4.76B C	71.43 ± 13.47B C	(75.2)
Lorsban 4E	3 pts	0.00 ± 0.00C	4.76 ± 4.76B C	95.24 ± 4.76A	(100.0)
Sevin XLR	3 liter	0.00 ± 0.00C	4.76 ± 4.76B C	95.24 ± 4.76A	(100.0)
Voliam Flexi	4.25 oz	0.00 ± 0.00C	9.52 ± 6.15B C	90.48 ± 6.15A B	(100.0)
Brigade 2EC	6.4 floz	0.00 ± 0.00C	14.29 ± 6.73A B C	85.71 ± 6.73A B	(100.0)
Fanfare 2EC	6.4 floz	0.00 ± 0.00C	4.76 ± 4.76B C	95.24 ± 4.76A	(100.0)
Control	–	95.83 ± 4.17A	0.00 ± 0.00C	4.17 ± 4.17D	–
Treatment	Rate/ac	48 hr			% Control
		% Live	% Moribund	% Dead
Actara 25WG	4 oz	0.00 ± 0.00B	9.52 ± 6.15A	90.48 ± 6.15A	(100.0)
Assail 30SG	6.9 oz	0.00 ± 0.00B	9.52 ± 6.15A	90.48 ± 6.15A	(100.0)
Closer SC 4.25	4.25 floz	4.76 ± 4.76B	0.00 ± 0.00B	95.24 ± 4.76A	(93.3)
Diazinon AG500	3 qt	0.00 ± 0.00B	0.00 ± 0.00B	100.00 ± 0.00A	(100.0)
Imidan 70 WP	4 lb	0.00 ± 0.00B	0.00 ± 0.00B	100.00 ± 0.00A	(100.0)
Lorsban 4E	3 pts	0.00 ± 0.00B	0.00 ± 0.00B	100.00 ± 0.00A	(100.0)
Sevin XLR	3 liter	0.00 ± 0.00B	0.00 ± 0.00B	100.00 ± 0.00A	(100.0)
Voliam Flexi	4.25 oz	0.00 ± 0.00B	0.00 ± 0.00B	100.00 ± 0.00A	(100.0)
Brigade 2EC	6.4 floz	0.00 ± 0.00B	0.00 ± 0.00B	100.00 ± 0.00A	(100.0)
Fanfare 2EC	6.4 floz	0.00 ± 0.00B	0.00 ± 0.00B	100.00 ± 0.00A	(100.0)
Control	–	70.83 ± 9.83A	12.50 ± 6.10A	16.67 ± 6.30B	–
Treatment	Rate/ac	72 h			% Control
		% Live	% Moribund	% Dead
Actara 25WG	4 oz	0.00 ± 0.00B	9.52 ± 6.15B	90.48 ± 6.15A	(100.0)
Assail 30SG	6.9 oz	0.00 ± 0.00B	9.52 ± 6.15B	90.48 ± 6.15A	(100.0)
Closer SC 4.25	4.25 floz	0.00 ± 0.00B	0.00 ± 0.00B	100.00 ± 0.00A	(100.0)
Diazinon AG500	3 qt	0.00 ± 0.00B	0.00 ± 0.00B	100.00 ± 0.00A	(100.0)
Imidan 70 WP	4 lb	0.00 ± 0.00B	0.00 ± 0.00B	100.00 ± 0.00A	(100.0)
Lorsban 4E	3 pts	0.00 ± 0.00B	0.00 ± 0.00B	100.00 ± 0.00A	(100.0)
Sevin XLR	3 liter	0.00 ± 0.00B	0.00 ± 0.00B	100.00 ± 0.00A	(100.0)
Voliam Flexi	4.25 oz	0.00 ± 0.00B	0.00 ± 0.00B	100.00 ± 0.00A	(100.0)
Brigade 2EC	6.4 floz	0.00 ± 0.00B	0.00 ± 0.00B	100.00 ± 0.00A	(100.0)
Fanfare 2EC	6.4 floz	0.00 ± 0.00B	0.00 ± 0.00B	100.00 ± 0.00A	(100.0)
Control	–	70.83 ± 9.83A	12.50 ± 6.10A	16.67 ± 6.30B	–

Footnotes

This research was supported by industry gifts of pesticide and/or research funding.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact [email protected]

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Cranberry Toad Bug Control on Cranberries, 2014

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