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Melody L Hartzler, Lauren Castle, Christine Lewis, Lara Zakaria, A functional approach to the chronic disease epidemic, American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, Volume 77, Issue 8, 15 April 2020, Pages 668–672, https://doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/zxaa032
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According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 6 out of 10 Americans have at least 1 form of chronic disease such as heart disease, stroke, cancer, type 2 diabetes, obesity, and arthritis despite the fact that these diseases are often preventable through lifestyle modification.1 A 2012 survey exploring the prevalence of chronic disease estimated that 117 million people in the United States had 1 or more chronic health conditions, with 1 in 4 adults having 2 or more chronic health conditions.2 This comes at a high economic burden on the healthcare system. Of the nation’s $2.7 trillion annual healthcare costs, 86% is spent on patients with chronic and mental health conditions.3 Major factors contributing to the chronic disease epidemic include the standard American diet (SAD), which describes excess consumption of calories from refined carbohydrates and inflammatory fats, and lack of important nutrients found in whole grains, fruits, and vegetables.4 Other factors include sedentary lifestyles, tobacco, and alcohol as well as environmental and social determinants of health including exposure to toxins, fragmented families and communities, chronic stress, being un- and underinsured, employment status, and poverty.4-6
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