https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5295-8742
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Leticia Y Vivas, Patricia Paolantonio, Daniela Andreotti, Mónica Garavaglia, Miguel Lamenza, Andrea Aragonés, Ana Fabiani, Laura Manoiloff, Normative Data of an Argentinean Color Naming Test, Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, Volume 41, Issue 1, February 2026, acaf089, https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acaf089
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Abstract
To develop normative data for the Psycholinguistic Picture Naming Test in Color (PAPDIC) for Spanish-speaking Argentinians, in order to establish reliable cut-off scores and examine the impact of color on test performance.
A cross-sectional study was conducted with 158 healthy participants, 22 participants with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), 13 participants with post-stroke aphasia, and 14 participants with post-stroke without aphasia. Participants were assessed using the PAPDIC and sociodemographic data were collected.
The PAPDIC demonstrated strong internal consistency (Kuder–Richardson 20 = 0.925). Item varied difficulty, with some items proving more challenging than others. Significant differences in accuracy were found between the color and black-and-white versions, favoring the former. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed moderate accuracy in identifying cognitive decline (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.787; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.663–0.910) and high accuracy in detecting anomia in patients who have had a stroke (AUC = 0.918; 95% CI 0.781–1.000). Age was found to be a significant predictor of PAPDIC scores, whereas education level and gender were not.
The PAPDIC is a reliable and culturally appropriate tool for assessing language function in Argentinean Spanish speakers. Color images enhanced the participants’ performance on the test compared to black-and-white images, probably due to improved perceptual clarity and greater alignment with real-world visual representations, improving the test specificity. Although promising for detecting anomia, further research is required to improve sensitivity in identifying MCI.
