Volume 40, Issue 5, May 2025

According to international guidelines, coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is the therapy of choice for patients with complex and multivessel coronary artery disease (CAD) [1, 2].

The 2018 European guidelines on myocardial revascularization recommended non-invasive stress imaging to assess myocardial ischaemia and viability in patients with heart failure and coronary artery disease (CAD) before the decision on revascularization (class IIb, level of evidence B) [1].

Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) is a disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus that has infected over 600 million people and resulted in over 6 million deaths [1].

The widespread adoption of the concept of rapid recovery surgery in clinical practice has highlighted the importance of enhancing the quality of life and functional recovery of post-pneumonectomy patients [1, 2].

The effective treatment for severe aortic valve disease remains surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) or transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI).

Mitral valve disease is a global issue with mitral regurgitation (MR) having a quoted incidence in the region of 24.2 million and being directly attributable for 34 000 deaths in 2019 [1].

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) has been recognized as the gold standard for the treatment of severe aortic valve stenosis (AS) in prohibitive and high-risk patients [1, 2] and a valid option in intermediate risk patients [3, 4].

Surgeries on the ascending aorta (AA) and aortic root are complex, often leading to postoperative bleeding and pericardial effusion (PE), which can progress to cardiac tamponade, a dangerous condition impairing heart function and causing multiple organ failure.

There is wide variation and lack of consensus on the management of chest tubes after cardiac surgery.